Clinical Pathology & Bacterial Diseases

Clinical pathology deals with the diagnosis of disease using the laboratory testing of tissues, blood, bodily fluids etc. It also involves the microscopic evaluation of individual cells. Clinical pathology includes clinical chemistry and biology, toxicology, blood bank, immunology and serology etc. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with the anatomical pathology. This overlap leads to increase in the molecular diagnostics and proteomics.

Surgical Pathology can be defined as the study of tissues removed from the living patients during the surgery which is done to diagnose a disease and determine a treatment plan. Surgical pathology generally includes two types of examination, physical examination of the tissue with the naked eye as well as examination under the microscope. It helps for the definitive diagnosis of disease.

Forensic pathology is the study of pathology which is concerned with the investigation of deaths when there are medico-legal implications. Forensic pathologists generally perform autopsies. Forensic pathology helps in evaluating the crime scene evidence including the witness statements. By performing an autopsy, it helps the forensic pathologists to uncover evidence of the injury or diseases.

Hemato Pathology is medical sub-specialty which deals with the study of diseased hematopoietic cells. The term Hematopoiesis means the creation of new blood cells. Clot formation that is pathological due to excessive haemostasis is called Thrombosis. Haemostasis is the absence of bleeding which causes the blood to clot in the damaged vessel or artery itself. Researchers are working isolating stem cells having functioning factors for treating individuals with Hemophilia, which is an inherited blood disorder where the patient’s ability of the body to clot blood is severely reduced. Blood cell disorders like Anemia, Myeloma, Thrombocytosis, Thalassemia are common. Some types of blood disorders are cancerous while others are non-cancerous. HSC transplantation is currently an active area of research to regenerate blood cells without defects and abnormalities. Transfusion Medicine is a branch of clinical pathology which deals with the transfusion of blood and blood products. Hematopathology is an area of active research and scientists are working to find solutions to rare blood disorders.   

Clinical Chemistry  is a sub-field in Laboratory Medicine which deals with the analysis of body fluids for diagnostic and analytical purposes. Clinical diagnostic tests help to assess a person’s overall health. Clinical Pathology involves testing blood and body fluids, and examination of individual cells and tissues at the microscopic level to diagnose a disease. Diagnostic Bio-markers are used to detect them and identify the manifestation of a disease and also help in diagnosis, drug target identification and response. There are several disease and drug-related bio-markers available. The quality and safety of drugs and laboratory medicines should be monitored for minimal side effects and effective treatment during the course of drug therapy. A flow cytometer is used to detect the presence of cancerous cells in the body by analyzing the bone marrow cells or blood cells and determining the WBC count. Clinical lab techniques prove to be a necessity for understanding the pathological condition of a disease in patients.

Immunopathology can be defined generally as the branch of medicine that deals with the immune response which is associated with the diseases. It can also be defined as the study of the pathology of various types of organisms, organ systems and diseases with respect to the immune response and immunity. Scientists in this field bring vast development such as vaccines, antibodies, therapeutics and diagnostics.

Medical Microbiology can be defined as the branch of applied microbiology that deals with the study of the microorganisms which cause infectious diseases. It includes diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Microorganisms plays a vital role in the field of biotechnology and its industrial applications. Recent research has increased in the field of diagnostic microbiology which is used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Medical microbiology also involves the study of beneficial microbes which is helpful in combating infectious diseases and promoting health.

Plant pathology includes the investigation of pathogen distinguishing proof, sickness etiology, malady cycles, financial effect, plant infection the study of disease transmission, plant ailment obstruction, how plant illnesses influence people and creatures, pathosystem hereditary qualities, and administration of plant ailments. It is the logical investigation of ailments in plants caused by pathogens (irresistible life forms) and natural conditions. Organisms that reason irresistible sickness incorporate growths, oomycetes, microscopic organisms, infections, viroids, infection like creatures, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. It additionally interfaces learning from other logical fields, for example, mycology, microbiology, virology, organic chemistry, bio-informatics, and so on.

Molecular Plant Pathology depicts how pathogens cause ailment, including investigation of the sub-atomic motioning between plant, pathogens and qualities. Sub-atomic plant pathology can be abused to control infection and along these lines augment edit yield. It covers the three primary territories of plant pathology: how pathogens cause sickness; (the sub-atomic flagging that happens amongst plant and pathogen); how plants oppose illness (what is thought about obstruction qualities, apoptosis, and foundational obtained opposition).

Chemical pathology is the study and investigation of the biochemical bodily fluids such as blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluids. By understanding how and where the body’s chemistry or process has changed one can understand the cause of disease and it can be easily diagnosed and monitored. Chemical pathology is one of the best field which brings together science and medicine.

Transfusion medicine is the therapeutic application of transfusion science and the appropriate use of transfusion therapy to treat patients with a variety of conditions including cancer and leukaemia. Consultants in Transfusion Medicine are generally trained in collecting, separating and storing blood and its components, donor management, patient care, stem cell collection, cellular therapy, and coagulation. 

Molecular pathology can be defined as one of the multi-disciplinary field that focuses on the disease at the sub microscopic as well as molecular level. It deals with the study and examination of the types of molecules present in the tissues or organs of the body. It is also called as the combination of both clinical and anatomical pathology. Some of the most widely used techniques in molecular pathology are PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Karyotype imaging of chromosomes, DNA Microarrays etc.

Gynecologic Pathology is a medical sub-specialty which deals with the study and diagnosis of diseases involving the female genital tract. Gynecology originates from the Greek words “Gyno” meaning  “woman” and “logos” meaning “study”. Medical or surgical therapies are considered for treatment of diseases involving the female reproductive system. A gynecologist performs operations such as Hysterectomy, Tubal Ligation, and Oophorectomy. Gynecologic cancer is cancer in ovary, uterus, vagina, vulva or cervix; extensive training is given to the specialists for the diagnosis and treatment. Obstetrics deals with the care of pregnant women throughout the course of pregnancy and child birth. Both these fields related to female health with advancements are proving to be more effective and a ray of hope to all the women. 

A case report is a detailed report of the side effects, signs, determination, treatment and follow-up of an individual patient. Pathology Case reports may contain a statistic profile of the patient, however as a rule portrays an uncommon or novel event. Some case reports likewise contain a literature review of other recorded cases

Cytopathology is used to help in the diagnosis of cancer, additionally helps in the analysis of certain infectious diseases and other provocative conditions. Cancer Cytopathology is utilized on tests of free cells or tissue parts, rather than histopathology, which concentrates entire tissues. Cytopathologic tests are some of the time called smear tests on the grounds that the specimens might be spread over a glass magnifying lens slide for ensuing recoloring and infinitesimal examination. In any case, cytology tests might be set up in different ways, including cytocentrifugation. Diverse sorts of smear tests may likewise be utilized for tumor determination. In this sense, it is named a cytological smear.

Histopathology, the minute investigation of natural tissues influenced by infection, can be exceptionally helpful in making a solution and in deciding the seriousness of debilitated tissues and cells and prognosis of a condition. It is used for the distinguishing proof of various effects of ailments on body tissues and perceives tumor. Histopathology units are found in many healing facilities and there are likewise autonomous private research centers. 

The renal pathology research findings are associated with light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence to obtain the accurate diagnosis. Renal Pathology or kidney pathology covers the topics toxic tubular necrosis, renal carcinomas, Diabetic glomerulosclerosis and other kidney related diseases examined under a microscope or molecular testing. Renal pathology in nephrology, toxins, tumors and Pathology of lupus glomerulonephritis are also very important to research topics for renal pathology. Medical renal diseases may affect the glomerulus, the tubules, and interstitium, the vessels, or a combination of these compartments.

Cardio Pathology refers to any disease of the Heart. Major Heart Disorders include Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Coronary Vascular Disease(CVD), Coronary Muscular Disease(Cardiomyopathy) and Arrhythmia. Heart Failure is a pathophysiologic state where the heart fails to pump blood in accordance with the requirement of metabolizing the tissues. To maintain the pumping of heart in such cases, compensatory mechanisms which increase cardiac muscle mass and blood volume are employed. Imaging techniques such as ECG and chest radiography are carried out to know the extent of diseased condition of the heart. Treatment to manage and cure heart diseases include Pharmacologic and Non- Pharmacologic Therapies and even surgical treatment options are available. A key to maintaining a healthy heart is to keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control and following good lifestyle habits.

In biochemistry, immunostaining is any use of an antibody-based method to detect a specific protein in a sample. The term "immunostaining" was originally used to refer to the immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections, as first described by Albert Coons in 1941.  However, immunostaining now encompasses a broad range of techniques used in histology, cell biology, and molecular biology that use antibody-based staining methods.

Digital Pathology and e-Pathology e-Pathology is defining the new paradigm of anatomic pathology. Telepathology image based information sent to the far distance by telecommunication technology for research analysis in both academic and business side. e-Pathology is a complete scan of a microscopic glass slide and the viewing of the eSlide on a computer monitor through a digital software system. The researches in pathology look beyond the Advancements in diagnosis pathology by using the automated image analysis. The global digital pathology market, valued at $1.98 billion in 2012, is estimated to reach $5.7 billion by 2020. The Association of Digital Pathology is the main Association in Digital pathology field and conducts annual Pathology meetings. Ventana, Leica, Philips, GE Helath care are the main competitors for Digital Pathology software updates and new releases.

Cerebro-Vascular Pathology is the disorders that affect the brain and leads to unconsciousness or altered consciousness. The state of Coma occurs when the human brain is no longer alert due to brain injury, brain cancer, stroke, epilepsy, cerebral palsy or brain infections. Traumatic Brain Injury occurs when some external force injures the brain and leads to intracranial injury and causes severe brain trauma. Brian function is either permanently or temporarily impaired in such cases. Hematoma, focal lesions, and cerebral laceration are some of the notable pathologies of the brain following a traumatic brain injury. Studies on Brain hemodynamics currently include developing models to relate neural activity with the amount of blood and oxygen flow to the brain tissues and thus developing improved technologies such as Brain Oxygenation Dependent MRI and other networks. Imaging biomarkers are available for Alzheimer’s Disease which assess the pathologies of certain accumulated toxic or mutated bio-products in the brain.

Pediatric pathology is the sub-specialty of surgical pathology which deals with the study, diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of children and infants. It includes diagnosis of diseases that impact the normal growth and development of the children starting from the embryonic stage to the adolescence. It also covers spectrum of disorders of early development which includes embryology, placentology and teratology.

Dermatopathology is a combination of dermatology and pathology which focus on the study of cutaneous disease at the microscopic and molecular level. Sometimes dermatologists need to do skin biopsy which is examined under microscope to find out exactly the cause of disease. Biopsies also need specialized testing like immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, electron microscope, flow chemistry and molecular pathogenic analysis. Dermatopathology cases may sometimes include melanoma, and other skin disorders, infectious and pediatric diseases. 

Veterinary pathologists are specialists of veterinary solution who invest huge energy in the determination of ailments through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Other than the finding of the sicknesses in sustenance making animals, accomplice animals, zoo animals and common life, veterinary pathologists furthermore have a basic part in cure exposure and prosperity and sensible research.

Nanotechnology is observed to be an eventual fate of pathology since the irresistible operators are not as much as tiny in measure so to find them at the soonest is an incredible test looked by pathologists and to beat these obstacles analysts are working with Nano-technologist to brilliant up the fate of Pathology.

Radiation pathology deals with the examination of changes in tissues due to their exposure to ionizing radiations. Radiation plays an important part in the multidisciplinary management of head and neck cancer and is associated with acute and late effects in the irradiated tissues, which in turn affect the quality of life. The capacity to anticipate and recognize ordinary tissue reactions may make ready towards the proper and auspicious administration of these sequelae

Microbial pathology-the investigation of the sub-atomic instruments utilized by organisms to cause infection in people and creatures. Bacterial, protozoan, vegetation and irresistible specialist pathogens have developed a decent type of instruments to determine themselves inside the host and pick up supplements that conjointly cause mischief and infection. Microbial Pathogenesis is the investigation of the atomic systems utilized by microorganisms to cause ailment in people and creatures. Bacterial, protozoan, parasitic and viral pathogens have developed a wide assortment of instruments to build up themselves in the host and pick up supplements, which likewise cause harm and malady. Different systems of pathogenesis incorporate host guard avoidance.

Bacteria are single cellular  microorganisms that lack a nuclear membrane and are dividing by binary fission. The study of bacteria called as bacteriology. Bacteriological study helps in the field of agricultural, or soil, bacteriology; clinical diagnostic bacteriology; industrial bacteriology; marine bacteriology; public-health bacteriology; sanitary, or hygienic, bacteriology; and systematic bacteriology. Major researches in this field help in development of many useful vaccines. The major advantages are the discovery of antibiotics that are helpful in the diagnosis of various types of disease. Recombinant bacteria are useful in bacteriologic research to manufacture biomolecules (e.g. interferon) needed for research and patient care.

Virology is the study of viruses, about the nucleic acid and protein that are responsible for their replication in plants, animals and humans. It reveal about the study of their distribution, biochemistry, about their histology, ecology and clinical aspects of virus. It is the scientific discipline concerned with the viruses, physiology, molecular biology and viral diseases along with their causal agents. Cells effected by viruses and the changes in its in  response  to the virus lead to the manifestations of viral disease.

Clinical aspects or analysis of bacterial diseases and Clinical bacteriology supports the diagnosis of diseases by different types of clinical methods.  There are different types of specimens that are used in cases report in clinical pathology. They are blood, urine, sputum, faeces, and other body fluids, which deals with the health care, especially the diagnosis and treatment of different types of disorders in our  body. 

Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the origin and development of a disease. It is determined by the balance between host and virus. The pathogenesis of infectious diseases describes the mechanisms of its development, progression, and either persists or is resolved. To understand the pathogenesis of an infectious disease at the cellular and molecular levels is difficult for discovering, developing, and implementing methods to prevent infection, and to improve patient outcomes after treatment.

Histological examinations of liver biopsy before treatment indicated amassing of fat inside the hepatocytes, bile pipe endothelium and epithelium and kupffer cells which contains the entry macrophages. The liver fills in as the filtration ground of ingested intestinal luminal substance which is especially powerless to microbial antigens.

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